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<header class="hero"><span class="badge">PYTHON 3 MEGA REFERENCE</span><h1>Python<br>Cheat Sheet</h1><p>A huge searchable, copy-ready Python 3 reference covering syntax, collections, functions, OOP, files, JSON, regex, typing, async, testing, SQLite, CLI tools, and more.</p><div class="stats"><div class="stat"><b>409</b> snippets</div><div class="stat"><b>28</b> sections</div><div class="stat"><b>1</b> standalone HTML file</div></div></header>
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<div class="toolbar"><div class="toolbarin"><input id="search" type="search" placeholder="Search Python syntax, libraries, snippets, or topics…"><button class="toolbtn" id="expand">Expand All</button><button class="toolbtn" id="collapse">Collapse All</button></div></div>
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<div class="note"><div class="notebox"><b>Python note:</b> This targets modern Python 3. Optional third-party tools such as Requests, Black, and Ruff must be installed separately.</div></div>
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<div class="layout"><nav><strong>JUMP TO SECTION</strong><a href="#basics---variables">Basics & Variables</a><a href="#operators---numbers">Operators & Numbers</a><a href="#strings">Strings</a><a href="#lists">Lists</a><a href="#tuples--sets---dicts">Tuples, Sets & Dicts</a><a href="#conditionals---loops">Conditionals & Loops</a><a href="#comprehensions">Comprehensions</a><a href="#functions">Functions</a><a href="#oop---classes">Oop & Classes</a><a href="#exceptions">Exceptions</a><a href="#files---pathlib">Files & Pathlib</a><a href="#json---csv">Json & Csv</a><a href="#datetime---time">Datetime & Time</a><a href="#regex">Regex</a><a href="#math---random">Math & Random</a><a href="#iterators---generators">Iterators & Generators</a><a href="#modules--venv---pip">Modules, Venv & Pip</a><a href="#typing---dataclasses">Typing & Dataclasses</a><a href="#os--sys---subprocess">Os, Sys & Subprocess</a><a href="#collections---functools">Collections & Functools</a><a href="#logging---cli">Logging & Cli</a><a href="#asyncio---concurrency">Asyncio & Concurrency</a><a href="#sqlite">Sqlite</a><a href="#testing">Testing</a><a href="#http-requests---third-party">Http Requests — Third Party</a><a href="#useful-built-ins---one-liners">Useful Built-Ins & One-Liners</a><a href="#common-pitfalls">Common Pitfalls</a><a href="#formatting---code-quality">Formatting & Code Quality</a></nav><main><section class="section" id="basics---variables"><button class="sectionhead"><span>Basics & Variables</span><small>19 snippets</small><b>▾</b></button><div class="body"><div class="grid"><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables print('hello, world!') print output"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>print('Hello, world!')</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="print('Hello, world!')">COPY</button></div><p>Print output</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables name = 'ada' assign a string"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>name = 'Ada'</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="name = 'Ada'">COPY</button></div><p>Assign a string</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables age = 18 assign an integer"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>age = 18</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="age = 18">COPY</button></div><p>Assign an integer</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables price = 19.99 assign a float"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>price = 19.99</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="price = 19.99">COPY</button></div><p>Assign a float</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables active = true assign a boolean"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>active = True</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="active = True">COPY</button></div><p>Assign a boolean</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables value = none represent no value"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>value = None</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="value = None">COPY</button></div><p>Represent no value</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables x, y = 10, 20 multiple assignment"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>x, y = 10, 20</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="x, y = 10, 20">COPY</button></div><p>Multiple assignment</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables x, y = y, x swap values"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>x, y = y, x</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="x, y = y, x">COPY</button></div><p>Swap values</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables a = b = 0 assign one value to multiple names"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>a = b = 0</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="a = b = 0">COPY</button></div><p>Assign one value to multiple names</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables type(value) return an object's type"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>type(value)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="type(value)">COPY</button></div><p>Return an object's type</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables isinstance(value, int) check an object's type"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>isinstance(value, int)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="isinstance(value, int)">COPY</button></div><p>Check an object's type</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables id(value) return object identity"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>id(value)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="id(value)">COPY</button></div><p>Return object identity</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables input('name: ') read keyboard input"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>input('Name: ')</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="input('Name: ')">COPY</button></div><p>Read keyboard input</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables int('42') convert text to integer"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>int('42')</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="int('42')">COPY</button></div><p>Convert text to integer</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables float('3.14') convert text to float"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>float('3.14')</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="float('3.14')">COPY</button></div><p>Convert text to float</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables str(123) convert a value to text"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>str(123)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="str(123)">COPY</button></div><p>Convert a value to text</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables bool(value) convert a value to boolean"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>bool(value)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="bool(value)">COPY</button></div><p>Convert a value to boolean</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables help(str) open built-in documentation"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>help(str)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="help(str)">COPY</button></div><p>Open built-in documentation</p></article><article class="card" data-search="basics & variables dir(object) list available attributes"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>dir(object)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="dir(object)">COPY</button></div><p>List available attributes</p></article></div></div></section><section class="section" id="operators---numbers"><button class="sectionhead"><span>Operators & Numbers</span><small>24 snippets</small><b>▾</b></button><div class="body"><div class="grid"><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers 7 + 3 addition"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>7 + 3</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="7 + 3">COPY</button></div><p>Addition</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers 7 - 3 subtraction"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>7 - 3</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="7 - 3">COPY</button></div><p>Subtraction</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers 7 * 3 multiplication"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>7 * 3</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="7 * 3">COPY</button></div><p>Multiplication</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers 7 / 3 floating-point division"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>7 / 3</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="7 / 3">COPY</button></div><p>Floating-point division</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers 7 // 3 floor division"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>7 // 3</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="7 // 3">COPY</button></div><p>Floor division</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers 7 % 3 remainder / modulo"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>7 % 3</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="7 % 3">COPY</button></div><p>Remainder / modulo</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers 7 ** 3 exponentiation"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>7 ** 3</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="7 ** 3">COPY</button></div><p>Exponentiation</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers abs(-8) absolute value"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>abs(-8)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="abs(-8)">COPY</button></div><p>Absolute value</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers round(3.14159, 2) round to two decimal places"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>round(3.14159, 2)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="round(3.14159, 2)">COPY</button></div><p>Round to two decimal places</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers min(4, 2, 9) minimum"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>min(4, 2, 9)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="min(4, 2, 9)">COPY</button></div><p>Minimum</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers max(4, 2, 9) maximum"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>max(4, 2, 9)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="max(4, 2, 9)">COPY</button></div><p>Maximum</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers sum([1, 2, 3]) sum values"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>sum([1, 2, 3])</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="sum([1, 2, 3])">COPY</button></div><p>Sum values</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers divmod(17, 5) return quotient and remainder"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>divmod(17, 5)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="divmod(17, 5)">COPY</button></div><p>Return quotient and remainder</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers pow(2, 8) raise to a power"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>pow(2, 8)</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="pow(2, 8)">COPY</button></div><p>Raise to a power</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers x += 1 increment"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>x += 1</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="x += 1">COPY</button></div><p>Increment</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers x -= 1 decrement"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>x -= 1</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="x -= 1">COPY</button></div><p>Decrement</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers x *= 2 multiply and assign"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>x *= 2</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="x *= 2">COPY</button></div><p>Multiply and assign</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers x /= 2 divide and assign"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>x /= 2</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="x /= 2">COPY</button></div><p>Divide and assign</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers a == b equality comparison"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>a == b</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="a == b">COPY</button></div><p>Equality comparison</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers a != b inequality comparison"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>a != b</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="a != b">COPY</button></div><p>Inequality comparison</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers a < b <= c chained comparison"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>a < b <= c</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="a < b <= c">COPY</button></div><p>Chained comparison</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers a and b logical and"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>a and b</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="a and b">COPY</button></div><p>Logical AND</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers a or b logical or"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>a or b</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="a or b">COPY</button></div><p>Logical OR</p></article><article class="card" data-search="operators & numbers not a logical not"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>not a</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="not a">COPY</button></div><p>Logical NOT</p></article></div></div></section><section class="section" id="strings"><button class="sectionhead"><span>Strings</span><small>28 snippets</small><b>▾</b></button><div class="body"><div class="grid"><article class="card" data-search="strings text = 'hello' create a string"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>text = 'hello'</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="text = 'hello'">COPY</button></div><p>Create a string</p></article><article class="card" data-search="strings text = "hello" double-quoted string"><div class="cmdrow"><pre><code>text = "hello"</code></pre><button class="copy" data-copy="text = "hello"">COPY</button></div><p>Double-quoted string</p></article><article class="card" data-search="strings text = '''multi |